Exporting Disaster

~ The Cost of Selling CANDU Reactors ~


FOOTNOTES


written by David Martin
of Nuclear Awareness Project
for the Campaign for Nuclear Phaseout

November 1996



For a copy of the complete report ($10 + shipping) write
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FOOTNOTES

  1. A federal crown corporation that designs and markets the CANDU reactor as well as other nuclear technology and services.

  2. Safe Energy Communication Council, International Nuclear Power, Myth Busters # 10, Spring 1996.

  3. 1995 average load factors were as follows:
    • PWR = 75.2%;
    • BWR = 76.6%;
    • PWHR (CANDU) = 61.4%;
    • Magnox = 65.6%; and
    • AGR = 69.5%.
    See: Laurie Howles, "Load Factors: 1995 annual review", Nuclear Engineering International, May 1996, p. 30.

  4. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

  5. "Canada's Reactor Exports", Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, Energy, Mines & Resources Canada, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, p. 264.

  6. This is in dollars of the year. See: AECL Annual Reports 1992-93 to 1995-96, and Natural Resources Canada 1996-97 Estimates, Part III.

  7. "Canada's Reactor Exports", Ibid., p. 265.

  8. Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Annual Report 1986-87, p. 6.

  9. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Annual Report 1988-89, p. 12.

  10. AECL CANDU advertisement, Nuclear Engineering International, May 1994.

  11. Barrie McKenna, "Canadian Firms see $2.7 billion in Candu deals", Globe & Mail, November 9, 1994, p. B1.

  12. "China still interested in CANDU, AECL says", Globe & Mail, October 18, 1980.

  13. Thomas Claridge, "Chinese plans for nuclear could aid ailing Canadian industry", Globe & Mail, April 7, 1980.

  14. Bryan Johnson, "Hope for CANDU sale dashed by Chinese", Globe & Mail, February 24, 1981.

  15. AECL Communiqué, AECL Closer to China Reactor Sale, October 13, 1996.

  16. Ray Silver, "Morden upbeat about CANDU sales despite 'onerous' Chinese terms", Nucleonics Week, February 15, 1996, p. 8.

  17. Ray Silver, "Demand for price cuts may kill AECL bid to sell CANDUs to China", Nucleonics Week, March 14, 1996, p. 4.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ray Silver, "China-Canada CANDU deal wobbles with parties $1.8 billion apart", Nucleonics Week, April 25, 1996, p. 3.

  20. Canadian Press, "McLellan presses China on CANDU deal", Globe & Mail, May 22, 1996, p. B9.

  21. Ray Silver, "Canada, China move closer to deal for two CANDU reactors at Qinshan", Nucleonics Week, July 18, 1996, p. 4.

  22. AECL Information, Break-through in Sino-Canadian Cooperation in the construction of NPP in Qinshan, July 13, 1996.

  23. "Canadian Breakthrough at Qinshan", Nuclear Engineering International, September 1996, p. 3.

  24. Ray Silver, "As financing deadline looms, AECL and CNNC renew CANDU talks", Nucleonics Week, July 11, 1996. p. 4.

  25. Ray Silver, "AECL Executive Rejects Claim that Canada subsidizes China Sale", Nucleonics Week, August 22, 1996, p. 3.

  26. "Canadian Breakthrough at Qinshan", Nuclear Engineering International, September 1996, p. 3.

  27. Barrie McKenna, "Canadian firms see $2.7 billion in Candu deals", Globe & Mail, November 9, 1995, p. B1.

  28. Michael Urlocker, "China's deal for CANDUs won't cure AECL's ills", Financial Post, November 11, 1994, p. 6.

  29. Martin & Argue, Nuclear Sunset: The Economic Costs of the Canadian Nuclear Industry, CNP, 1996.

  30. Anthony Wilson-Smith, "The China Deal: Chrétien's Team Canada wins big contracts for Canada", Maclean's, November 21, 1994, p. 14.

  31. Hon. Anne McLellan, Minister of Natural Resources, letter to Mr. Rich Krechowicz, May 4, 1995.

  32. Ray Silver, "AECL executive rejects claim that Canada subsidizes China sale", Nucleonics Week, August 22, 1996, p. 3.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Ann MacLachlan, "South Korea's Qinshan-II financing forces other countries to follow", Nucleonics Week, October 17, 1996, pp. 15-16.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Personal communication from Rhea Cohen, AECL, October 8, 1996.

  37. "Canada's Reactor Exports", Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, Energy, Mines & Resources Canada, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, p. 271.

  38. Romania has nominally ordered 5 reactors, however, only one reactor has proceeded with financing from Canada. A second reactor at Cernavoda is about 40% complete, but is not proceeding pending negotiation of a financing agreement with Canada.

  39. Bruce Rolston, "Chinese steal our nuclear Secrets... and here they are again", NOW Magazine, October 12-18, 1995, p. 20.

  40. Ibid.

  41. International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Research Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 3, December 1995, pp. 28 & 29.

  42. OECD Consensus Document, "Appendix: Prior Consultations on Terms of Export Credits for Nuclear Power Plants", p. 41.

  43. This Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, May 27 - June 2, 1996, p. 2.

  44. Ray Silver, "Demand for price cuts may kill AECL bid to sell CANDUs to China", Nucleonics Week, March 14, 1996, p. 4.

  45. "Daya Bay control rod ills pose hurdle for Chooz-B1 fuel load", Nucleonics Week, June 1, 1995, p. 1.

  46. "Lin Ao contracts signed", Nuclear Engineering International, December 1995, p. 12.

  47. The two 700 MW CANDU reactors will be 'Qinshan Phase III' if that deal completed.

  48. "China's Fourth N-Plant Unit: Construction to Start in June", Nucnet, April 24, 1996.

  49. "Datafile: China", Nuclear Engineering International, October 1993, p. 22.

  50. "Known nuclear tests worldwide, 1945-1993", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 1994, pp. 62-63.

  51. Tom Zamora Collina, "China bucks ban with bang", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 1993, p. 3.

  52. Jeff Sallot, "To keep nuclear materials in check", Globe & Mail, September 9, 1994, p. A21.

  53. "Notes for an Address by the Honourable Roy MacLaren, Minister for International Trade, To the Annual General Meeting of the Canada-China Business Council, Beijing, China", This Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, November 8, 1994.

  54. Paul Knox, "Chinese nuclear test draws fire", Globe & Mail, May 16, 1995, p. A14.

  55. "Canada Deplores Chinese Nuclear Weapons Test Explosion", This Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, May 15, 1995.

  56. Reuters, AP & CP, "China blast sparks anger", Globe & Mail, August 18, 1995, p. A7.

  57. Andrew Higgins, "China to continue nuclear-arms tests", Ottawa Citizen, January 31, 1996, p. A12.

  58. Reuters, "China's nuclear test decried", Toronto Star, June 9, 1996, p. A13.

  59. "Canada deplores Chinese nuclear test", The Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and international Trade, July 29 - August 5, 1996.

  60. The NPT is premised upon the intrinsically flawed concept of providing "civilian" nuclear technology to non-nuclear weapons states in order to encourage them to forego nuclear weapons. The other part of the NPT bargain is that the declared nuclear weapons states will voluntarily disarm. Progress has been slow and dubious at best, since the five nuclear powers still support deterrence as a strategic concept, and the US and Russia apparently do not intend to reduce their arsenals below 3,000 to 3,500 weapons each. Difficulties in achieving the CTBT have been added evidence of failure on the part of the weapons states.

  61. William Epstein, "Give more to get more", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 1994, p. 15.

  62. AP, "Chinese blast comes on eve of urgent talks to end nuclear tests", Ottawa Citizen, July 30, 1996, p. A6.

  63. Ibid.

  64. Dingli Shen, "Toward a nuclear-weapons-free world: a Chinese perspective", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 1994, p. 51.

  65. "Known nuclear tests worldwide, 1945-95", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 1996, p. 63.

  66. "Turbine for Chashma completed", Nuclear Engineering International, August 1996, p. 7.

  67. Shahid-ur-Rehman Khan, "Officials say Pakistan developing nuclear manufacturing capability", Nucleonics Week, June 1, 1995, p. 15.

  68. "Chasma Plant Opposed", Nuclear Engineering International, November 1995, p. 12.

  69. Rauf Siddiqi, "Pakistan reduces PAEC budget 9% but maintains Chashma Funding", Nucleonics Week, June 20, 1996, p. 14.

  70. "China challenges US data pointing to Pakistan aid", Nucleonics Week, February 22, 1996.

  71. Oxford Analytica, "China: Nuclear Expansion", Globe & Mail, November 28, 1994, p. B6

  72. "China said aiding Kahuta project; US Credits, NPT Status on line", Nucleonics Week, February 8, 1996. p. 1.

  73. "Nuclear firms push administration, Congress to allow sales to China", Nucleonics Week, June 13, 1996, p. 7.

  74. R. Jeffrey Smith, "China aids Pakistan's nuclear build-up", The Washington Post, The Guardian Weekly, September 1, 1996, p. 16.

  75. Robert Sheppard, "CANDUs for China? Hold on There", Globe & Mail, November 7, 1994, p. A13.

  76. "Spate of discord sours quick romance with China", Globe & Mail, December 3, 1994, p. B6.

  77. Peter Cook, "Lessons in the China trade", Globe & Mail, November 4, 1994. Also: "Spate of discord sours quick romance with China", Globe & Mail, December 3, 1994, p. B6.

  78. "Spate of discord sours quick romance with China", Globe & Mail, December 3, 1994, p. B6.

  79. See for example comments of Ontario Hydro International executives in Ontario Energy Board, EBRLG 36 - OHII, Technical Conference, October 19, 1994, p. 137.

    Hopewell Holdings is a Hong Kong construction and engineering company. In 1993, a new company called Consolidated Electric Power of Asia (CEPA) was formed, 75% owned by Hopewell. CEPA acts as holding company for three power plants in China, built by Hopewell (including an 800 MW coal plant in Guangdong). The assets of Hopewell plus global equity financing of US$800 million make CEPA one of largest private power generation companies in Asia.

    Source: Ontario Energy Board, EBRLG 36 - OHII, Interrogatory Response 7.15.14, November 16, 1994.

  80. "Spate of discord sours quick romance with China", Globe & Mail, December 3, 1994, p. B6.

  81. Greg Ip, "China yet to prove profitable", Globe & Mail, May 3, 1996, p. B5.

  82. Rod Mickleburgh, "US, China avert trade war", Globe & Mail, February 27, 1995, p. B1.

  83. Steven Mufson, "China, US make up -- and fall out again", Toronto Star, March 12, 1995, p. A4.

  84. Rod Mickleburgh, "US set to impose tariffs on China", Globe & Mail, May 15, 1996, pp. A1 & A2.

  85. Rod Mickleburgh, "US, China avoid costly trade war", Globe & Mail, June 18, 1996, p. B11.

  86. Paul Watson, "Good fortune for China uncertain in Year of Pig", Toronto Star, January 31, 1995, p. A1.

  87. Rod Mickleburgh, "Graft must end, Chinese are told", Globe & Mail, March 1, 1996, pp. A1 & A10.

  88. Ibid.

  89. Guide for Canadian Business in China, cited in: Tom Korski, "Canadian businesses warned on increasing corruption in China", Toronto Star, December 27, 1996, p. B2.

  90. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report: 1996, AI, London, 1996, pp. 117-118.

  91. Carol Goar, "Chinese ignore proposal on rights", Toronto Star, November 8, 1994, p. A1.

  92. Rod Mickleburgh, "Hated Chinese Leader due in Halifax tonight", Globe & Mail, October 12, 1995, pp. A1 & A8.

  93. Rod Mickleburgh, "Chinese hand dissidents long terms", Globe & Mail, December 17, 1994, p. A14.

  94. Amnesty International, China: Human Rights Violations Five Years After Tiananmen, ASA 17/20/94, June 1994, p. 3.

  95. Notes for an Address by the Honourable Raymond Chan, Canadian Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific), to the Society of Democratic Movement, Vancouver, BC, May 28, 1995.

    This Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 1-7, 1995, p. 2.

  96. Paul Watson, "Repression surging in China, critics say", Toronto Star, June 3, 1995, p. A17.

  97. "Visit to Canada by Chinese Premier Li Peng", This Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, September 28 - October 4, 1995, p. 2.

  98. Kim Bolan, "Boycott 'butcher of Beijing' premiers told", Vancouver Sun, October 12, 1995, p. B5.

  99. Shawn McCarthy, "Chinese premier's visit boosts deal on reactors", Toronto Star, October 14, 1995, p. A8.

  100. Edward Greenspon, "Li wanted protests stopped", Globe & Mail, October 16, 1995, pp. A1 & A7.

  101. "China charges dissident with bid to stage coup", AP, Toronto Star, November 22, 1996, p. A22.

  102. Rod Mickleburgh, "China sentences activist to 14 years", Globe & Mail, December 14, 1995, pp. A1 & A18.

  103. Rod Mickleburgh, "China assails West's criticism of activist's prison term", Globe & Mail, December 13, 1995, p. A17.

  104. Bob Cox, "Chrétien boosts trade with Indonesia", CP, Chronicle Herald (Halifax), January 18, 1996.

  105. "Manning tiptoes on rights issue", CP, Toronto Star, July 7, 1996, p. A6.

  106. Ed Broadbent, "Chrétien should talk to Li Peng about human rights", Montréal Gazette, October 13, 1996, p. B3.

  107. Rod Mickleburgh, "China discusses rights: Talks with Canada low key", Globe & Mail, January 16, 1996, pp. A1 & A10.

  108. Doug Saunders, "Rights groups call off planned protest against Chinese Official", Globe & Mail, April 13, 1996, p. A8.

  109. "China quashes UN rights draft", Globe & Mail, April 24, 1996, p. A12.

  110. Rod Mickleburgh, "Hong Kong remembers massacre", Globe & Mail, June 5, 1996, p. A1 & A10.

  111. "China executes 1,000 people in two months", Reuters, Toronto Star, July 4, 1996, p. A15.

  112. John Murray Brown, "Despite fossil fuel riches Indonesia taking a step toward nuclear threshold", Globe & Mail, April 28, 1987, p. B22.

  113. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Annual Report 1987-88, p. 9.

  114. Associated Press, "AECL eyes Indonesian nuclear job", Financial Post, October 11, 1991, p. 5.

  115. AECL 1991-1992 Annual Review, p. 17.

  116. AECL 1992-1993 Annual Review, p. 13.

  117. Carol Goar, "Chrétien makes pitch to sell Candu to Indonesia: Canada's also offering training", Toronto Star, November 15, 1994, p. B2.

  118. Robert Fife, "Team Canada deals could pass $9B", Ottawa Sun, January 18, 1996.

  119. Bob Cox, "Chrétien boosts trade with Indonesia", Canadian Press, The Chronicle Herald (Halifax), January 18, 1996.

  120. George Aditjondro, Nuclear Power Plant Building: For the Sake of Civilization, International Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID), April 1996, p. 3.

  121. John Murray Brown, Ibid.

  122. David Crane, "We mustn't miss on Asian megaprojects", Toronto Star, July 4, 1996. p. B2.

  123. Djali Ahimsa, "Why? When? How? Nuclear power in Indonesia", Nuclear Engineering International, April 1995, p. 20.

  124. Aditjondro, Ibid., & Michael Richardson, "Indonesian officials taking long look at nuclear power, International Herald Tribune, Globe & Mail, February 3, 1996, p. A14.

  125. Aditjondro, Ibid., pp. 22-23.

  126. Aditjondro, Ibid., pp. 15-19.

  127. John Stackhouse, "Indonesian riot police, troops storm opposition headquarters", Globe & Mail, July 27, 1996, pp. A1 & A11.

  128. Ghafur Fadyl, "Indonesian dissident leader carries powerful name", Associated Press, Globe & Mail, June 22, 1996, p. A15.

  129. Aditjondro, Ibid., p. 8.

  130. Aditjondro, Ibid., p. 10.

  131. Aditjondro, Ibid., p. 11.

  132. Douglas Goold, "Bre-X hits snag in Indonesia", Globe & Mail, October 4, 1996, pp. B1 & B4.

    See also: Allan Robinson, "Bre-X faces more claims over gold mine", Globe & Mail, October 16, 1996, pp. B1 & B8.

  133. "Bre-X forges new alliance", Toronto Star, October 29, 1996, pp. E1 & E8.

  134. Canada-Asia Working Group, Human Rights in Asia: Submission Prepared for the 52nd Session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, 18 March - 26 April 1996, March 1996, pp. 36-37.

  135. Canada-Asia Working Group, Ibid., pp. 32-34.

  136. Canada-Asia Working Group, Ibid., pp. 34-35.

  137. Canada-Asia Working Group, Ibid., pp. 35-36.

  138. Canada-Asia Working Group, Ibid., p. 27.

  139. Canada-Asia Working Group, Ibid., p. 30.

  140. John Stackhouse, "Indonesia moves to cleanse nation of 'Communists'", Globe & Mail, August 1, 1996, p. !10.

  141. Raju Gopalakrishnan, "Indonesian activists may get death penalty", Reuters, Globe & Mail, August 14, 1996, p. A8.

  142. Shawn McCarthy, "Action urged against 'corrupt' Indonesia", Toronto Star, August 2, 1996, p. A8.

  143. John Stackhouse, "East Timor Defenders awarded peace prize", Globe & Mail, October 12, 1996, pp. A1 & A16.

  144. Finch, Ibid., pp. 141-142.

  145. Export Development Corporation, News Release, NR 79-21, April 30, 1979.

  146. Finch, Ibid., p. 143.

  147. Since this time, AECL, the Canadian Government and other nuclear industry sources have claimed that five CANDUs have been under construction in Romania. The outer shells of five reactors were constructed in a propaganda move by Ceausescu, however, there has only ever been firm agreement with Canada to construct one reactor.

  148. "Turning back the clock in Romania", Utne Reader, July/August 1988, pp. 28-29.

  149. Ian Austen, "CANDU deal for food, goods, hurt Romanians, critics charge", Ottawa Citizen, January 5, 1990.

  150. Ibid.

  151. Dave Todd, "Conscripts built CANDU reactor: Government never protested to Romanians", Ottawa Citizen, December 30, 1989.

    See also: Dave Todd, "Forced Labor used in Romanian CANDU", December 30, 1989, p. A1.

    See also: Paul Watson, "Life Harsh for 14,000 CANDU workers", Toronto Star, January 3, 1990, pp. A1 & A17.

  152. William Walker, "CANDU overseer dismisses reports of forced labor", Toronto Star, January 3, 1990, p. A17.

  153. Charlotte Montgomery, "Knew Romanian work conditions were harsh, CANDU official says", Globe & Mail, May 25, 1990, pp. A1 & A2.

  154. Paul Koring, "Opposition MPs seek inquiry over conditions at CANDU site", Globe & Mail, May 23, 1996, p. A5.

  155. Paul Koring, "Grim labor conditions continue at CANDU reactor site", Globe & Mail, May 15, 1996, p. A4.

  156. "Datafile: Romania", Nuclear Engineering International, August 1993, p. 53.

    NEI reported that between them, the Canadian EDC and the Italian MCC financed the project in the amount of US $419 million. Funding from Romania was claimed, but not specified.

  157. Ray Silver, "With funding found, RENEL readies for criticality of Cernavoda-1", Nucleonics Week, February 1, 1996, p. 5.

  158. Jennifer Wells, "Going Critical: Canada's Nuclear Misadventure in Romania", The Globe & Mail Report on Business Magazine, June 1995, p. 38.

  159. Jennifer Wells, Ibid., pp. 50-51.

  160. "Datafile: Romania", Nuclear Engineering International, August 1993, p. 51.

  161. AECL reports of electricity shortages may be simply exaggerated, or may reflect fossil fuel shortages due to RENEL's inability to pay. Additional nuclear capacity will only aggravate the financial crunch for RENEL, and may in fact worsen the electricity supply situation.

  162. Jennifer Wells, Ibid., pp. 50-51.

  163. Jennifer Wells, Ibid.

  164. "Datafile: Romania", Nuclear Engineering International, August 1993, p. 52.

  165. CP, "Canadian Nuke Plant safe, Romanians say", Halifax Daily News, April 18, 1996.

  166. See for example: Geoffrey York, "CANDU reactor gives Romania Western fission", Globe & Mail, April 18, 1996, p. A14.

  167. Mark Hibbs, "Romania hopes to save remains of $10 billion know-how investment", Nucleonics Week, July 18, 1996, pp. 6-8.

  168. Ibid.

  169. Beppi Crosariol, "Ex-Romanian spy-boss: 'My secret agents stole Canada's nuclear secrets'", Kingston Whig Standard, December 19, 1987, p. 1.

  170. Ray Silver, "AECL signs pact to help complete Cernavoda and heavy water plant", Nucleonics Week, March 12, 1992, p. 8.

  171. "HWD Disappointment", Ontario Hydro Nuclear: Nuclear Business Review, September 1994, p. 8.

  172. "OHN Heavy Water Deal with Romania", Ontario Hydro Nuclear: Nuclear Business Review, November 1994, p. 1.

  173. See also "Romanian Shipments Wrap Up", Ontario Hydro Nuclear: Nuclear Business Review, December 1994, p. 4.

  174. Mark Hibbs, "Canadians Liable for Cernavoda QA problems, Romanians assert", Nucleonics Week, August 1, 1996.

  175. Ibid.

  176. "Canada/Romania", Nucleonics Week, June 20, 1996, p. 17.

  177. Mark Hibbs, "Replacement parts problem looms for first two Cernavoda units", Nucleonics Week, July 4, 1996, pp. 1 & 10-11.

    See also: Ann MacLachlan, "RENEL says it has resolved issue of spare parts for Cernavoda-1", Nucleonics Week, September 12, 1996, pp. 5-6.

  178. Mark Hibbs, "Cernavoda core damage probability above CANDU reference, PSA shows", Nucleonics Week, July 11, 1996, pp. 8-9.

  179. "Cernavoda 2's future under discussion", Nuclear Engineering International, October 1993, p. 4.

  180. Jennifer Wells, Ibid., p. 53.

  181. Mark Hibbs, "Replacement parts problem looms for first two Cernavoda units", Nucleonics Week, July 4, 1996, pp. 1 & 10-11.

  182. Mark Hibbs, "RENEL aims to finish Cernavoda-2 by 2000, but later date likely", Nucleonics Week, July 4, 1996, pp. 11-12.

  183. Ibid.

  184. Stevie Cameron, "Ceausescu planned to use CANDU data for bomb, author says", Globe & Mail, May 2, 1990, p. A11.

  185. Ann MacLachlan, "Romania separated tiny amount of plutonium in secret in 1985", Nucleonics Week, June 25, 1992, p. 16.

  186. "Canadian reactor used in illegal sale", Toronto Star, May 1, 1990.

    See also: David Owen, "Canada in N-sale dilemma", Financial Times, June 29, 1989.

  187. Paul Watson, "7,000 died in Romanian revolt Western diplomats estimate", Toronto Star, January 2, 1990.

  188. Geoffrey York, "Romanian palace cast in new light", Globe & Mail, May 4, 1996, p. A14.

  189. Geoffrey York, "Feeling of betrayal, bitterness hangs like cloud over Romania", Globe & Mail, May 1, 1996, pp. A1 & A11.

  190. Finch, Ibid., pp. 58-59.

  191. Finch, Ibid., p. 58.

  192. Finch, Ibid., pp. 58-61.

  193. Section 31 of the Export Development Act is used if a loan or guarantee is for a term or amount greater than EDC would normally undertake for a single export transaction, and if in the opinion of the government it is in the national interest. Funds are paid by the Minister of Finance to the EDC out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Section 29 of the Act is used for most of EDC's lending, and transactions under this account are judged on criteria that would normally be used by a bank in lending for overseas projects.

  194. Finch, Ibid., p. 61.

  195. Ray Silver, "AECL Signs Agreement to Build Second 680-MW CANDU at Wolsong", Nucleonics Week, January 3, 1991.

  196. Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., AECL Information: Media Questions & Answers, 1992, Q&A #2.

  197. Rod Mickleburgh, "AECL tries to convince Seoul it can't do without the CANDU", Globe & Mail, October 27, 1995, p. B6.

  198. Barrie McKenna, "Nuclear renaissance seen following AECL deal", Globe & Mail, September 19, 1992, p. B2.

  199. Rod Mickleburgh, "AECL tries to convince Seoul it can't do without the CANDU", Globe & Mail, October 27, 1995, p. B6.

  200. Byung-Koo Kim, "Korea: Going for more home-grown plants", Nuclear Engineering International, April 1992, pp. 30-33.

  201. "South Korea announces plan for 27 units by 2010", Nuclear Engineering International, March 1996, p. 2.

  202. Rick Doust, "Canadian-Korean partnership works towards a tandem fuel cycle", Nuclear Engineering International, April 1992, p. 36.

  203. Seong-Yun Kim, "Hopes for HANARO", Nuclear Engineering International, December 1995, p. 40.

  204. Export Development Corporation, "AECL lands sale in Korea with financing from EDC", News Release, NR 88-16, March 14, 1988.

  205. CBC Radio, Sunday Morning (program segment hosted by Bob Carty), May 21, 1995.

  206. CBC Radio, Ibid.

  207. "South Korea: Ex-Kepco head sentenced", Nucleonics Week, December 15, 1994, p. 16.

    See also: Ray Silver, "AECL Breaks with South Korean Agent in Wake of Kickback Scandal", Nucleonics Week, August 11, 1994.

  208. CBC Radio, Ibid.

  209. David Crane, "Canada's Know-how fuels Korean surge", Toronto Star, p. C2.

  210. Ann MacLachlan, "Hanjung to supply steam generators for Qinshan Phase III project", Nucleonics Week, July 25, 1996, p. 6.

  211. CANDU Owners Group 1993/1994 Annual Report, p. 22.

  212. Kathleen Hart, "KEDO settle dispute on US role in North Korean LWR project", Nucleonics Week, March 7, 1996, pp. 16-17.

  213. Kathleen Hart, "Ground-breaking on North Korea reactors expected within weeks", Nucleonics Week, September 19, 1996, pp. 14-15.

  214. Ann MacLachlan, "KEPCO gets government mandate to manage Korea's nuclear waste", Nucleonics Week, September 19, 1996, pp. 15-16.

  215. Ibid.

  216. "Korea Chooses First Waste Site", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p.

  217. Kenichi Nishina, "Situation of Nuclear Power in South Korea", Nuke Info Tokyo, March/April 1996, No. 52, p. 8.

  218. US Congress, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Organizations, Investigation of Korean-American Relations, 95th Congress, 2nd Session, 1978, p. 80. Cited in: Leonard Spector, The New Nuclear Nations, Vintage Books, 1985, p. 270.

  219. Robert Gillette, "US squelched apparent S. Korea A-Bomb drive", Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1978. Cited in: Leonard Spector, The New Nuclear Nations, Vintage Books, 1985, p. 271.

  220. Harry Sterling, "Generals' legacy haunts South Korea", Toronto Star, December 7, 1995, p. A27.

  221. Rod Mickleburgh, "Crackdown in South Korea Widens", Globe & Mail, December 1, 1995, p. A15.

  222. Rod Mickleburgh, "Korean court sends message", Globe & Mail, August 27, 1996, p. A9.

  223. Reuter, "Korean Moguls face jail in bribe scandal", Toronto Star, August 27, 1996, p. B8.

  224. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report: 1996, AI USA, 1996, p. 200.

  225. Amnesty International, Republic of South Korea - Update on National Security Law arrests and ill treatment: The need for human rights reform, AI Index: ASA 25/09/96, March 1996, p. 4.

  226. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report: 1996, AI USA, 1996, p. 201.

  227. Thijs de la Court, Deborah Pick & Daniel Nordquist, The Nuclear Fix: A Guide to Nuclear Activities in the Third World, World Information Service on Energy, 1982, p. 100. See also: Nuclear Research Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 3, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1995.

  228. Nuclear Research Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 3, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1995.

  229. IAEA, Ibid.

  230. Kenan Unlu, "Turks take steps to revive their nuclear programme", Nuclear Engineering International, January 1995, p. 16.

  231. Unlu, Ibid.

  232. Unlu, Ibid.

  233. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Annual Report 1984-85, p. 6.

  234. AECL Annual Report 1985-86, pp. 2 & 6.

  235. The existence of this office is noted in AECL's Annual Reports for 1986-87 and 1987-88.

  236. Diane Francis, "Let's scrutinize financing for $1 billion reactor", Toronto Star, November 12, 1985, pp. D1 & D2.

  237. Ibid.

  238. Robert Mcdonald, "Canada may sell Turkey CANDU reactor", Toronto Star, November 1, 1983.

  239. CP, "Turkey set to accept new CANDU proposal", Globe & Mail, January 13, 1987, p. B7.

  240. David Stewart-Patterson, "ECL expects CANDU sale to Turkey to close shortly" Globe & Mail, June 15, 1985, p. B3.

  241. CP, "Turkey set to accept new CANDU proposal" Globe & Mail, January 13, 1987, p. B7.

  242. CP, "Sale of CANDU a step closer" Globe & Mail, July 19, 1985.

  243. "Turkish decision shelves sale of Canadian nuclear plant" Toronto Star, October 16, 1986, p. E3.

  244. The Turkish ambassador to Canada suggested in 1987 that another Canadian proposal would be entertained, but it came to nothing. See: CP, "Turkey set to accept new CANDU proposal" Globe & Mail, January 13, 1987, p. B7.

  245. AECL 1992/93 Annual Review, p. 13.

  246. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, p. 6.

  247. Ibid.

  248. Unlu, Ibid., p. 17.

  249. Unlu, Ibid.

  250. Unlu, Ibid.

  251. "Akkuyu plans meet opposition", Nuclear Engineering International, March 1995, p. 8.

  252. "Turkey Close to Launching N-Plant Project", NUCNET, March 29, 1996.

  253. Mark Hibbs, "Turkey expected to request bids for PWR project in coming weeks", Nucleonics Week, March 21, 1996, pp. 1-2.

  254. Ibid.

  255. AECL Annual Report 1994-1995, p. 5.

  256. AECL Annual Report 1995-1996, p. 7.

  257. Unlu, Ibid., p. 16.

  258. Stephen Kinzer, "Turkish leader may be a 'gentle demon'", New York Times Service, Globe & Mail, July 2, 1996, p. A10.

  259. Suna Erdem, "Turkey leans toward its Muslim neighbours", Reuters, Globe & Mail, August 14, 1996, p. A8.

  260. Amnesty International USA, Amnesty International Report: 1996, p. 301.

  261. Editorial, "Turkey and Islam", Toronto Star, July 11, 1996, p. A22.

  262. Amnesty International, Turkey: Information on Continuing Human Rights Abuses, February 1996, AI Index: EUR 44/10/96, Summary.

  263. Amnesty International Report: 1996, p. 301.

  264. Amnesty International Report: 1996, pp. 302 & 303.

  265. Allan Thompson, "Canadian arms sales like dabbling in arson", Toronto Star, April 8, 1995, p. C4.

  266. "Arms sales to Turkey protested", Globe & Mail, April 14, 1995, p. A14.

  267. Finch, Ibid., p. 52.

  268. This loan was made under Section 31 of the Export Development Act, at the behest of the Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce, who argued that it was "in the national interest". Funds for loans are paid by the Minister of Finance out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund, and the government assumes the risk of the loan directly.

    See: "An Overview of the Federal Government Financial Involvement in the Canadian Nuclear Industry", p. 313.

  269. "An Overview of Federal Government Financial Involvement in the Canadian Nuclear Industry", p. 313.

  270. Former AECL President and CEO Bruce Howe stated that "...AECL did not report a loss on the Argentina contract. Rather, the company made a provision for a loss that could have arisen in the event that contract renegotiations proved unsuccessful. They were successful, and in fact, AECL has been fully compensated, with interest, for its work in Argentina." (Letter from Bruce Howe to David H. Martin, Nuclear Awareness Project, October 26, 1992).

    It should be noted however that AECL has never disclosed the outcome of contract renegotiations. The AECL 1991-1992 Annual Report noted that there was a "reduced return this year from the Argentine contract debt" (p. 4).

  271. It is not clear if AECL had to pay the entire cost of boiler replacement. In 1979, AECL was attempting to negotiate a deal with Babcock & Wilcox similar to that negotiated by Ontario Hydro when similarly defective boilers were supplied for the Pickering "A" reactors. Ontario Hydro paid 25% of the replacement cost. See: Finch, Ibid., p. 55, and FN 14, pp. 163-163.

  272. Finch, Ibid., p. 54.

  273. Associated Press, "$4 million bribe given on Candu Argentina says", Toronto Star, June 13, 1985.

    See also: Joel Ruimy, "RCMP should probe bribery scandal in Candu sale to Argentina, Tory says", Toronto Star, June 14, 1985.

  274. "An Overview of Federal Government Financial Involvement in the Canadian Nuclear Program", Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, EMR, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, p. 311.

  275. Gordon Sims, The Evolution of AECL, MA Thesis, Institute of Canadian Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, August 1979, p. 123.

  276. Ron Finch, Exporting Danger, Black Rose Books, Montréal, 1986, p. 79.

  277. "Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 22.

  278. Sims, Ibid.

  279. Robert Morrison & Edward Wonder, Canada's Nuclear Export Policy, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, October 1978, pp. 17-18, cited in Finch, Ibid., FN 47, p. 160.

  280. "Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 22.

  281. "Narora ready to go back on line", Nuclear Engineering International, December 1994, p. 10.

  282. Neel Patri, "Rajasthan-2 down for 3 years to replace all pressure tubes", Nucleonics Week, May 25, 1996, p. 3.

  283. "Repairs continue at Rajasthan", Nuclear Engineering International, September 1996, p. 4.

  284. Neel Patri, "Rajasthan-2 down for 3 years to replace all pressure tubes", Nucleonics Week, May 25, 1996, p. 3.

  285. RAPP is now known as RAPS, for Rajasthan Atomic Power Station.

  286. "Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 19.

  287. PHWR is the non-commercial, or generic description of the CANDU reactor. Because India's reactors (other than RAPS 1 & 2) have been built independently, this study refers to them as PHWRs.

  288. Ibid., p. 21.

  289. IAEA, Nuclear Research Reactors in the World, December 1995.

  290. "Narora ready to go back on line", Nuclear Engineering International, December 1994, p. 10.

  291. "Outgoing regulator attacks industry shortcomings", Nuclear Engineering International, August 1996, p. 6.

  292. Ibid.

  293. Neel Patri, "NPC funding continues to drop as Indian nuclear revenues lag", Nucleonics Week, March 7, 1996, pp. 17-18.

  294. Ibid.

  295. "Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 24.

  296. Thijs de la Court, et al., The Nuclear Fix, p. 108.

  297. Leonard Spector, The New Nuclear Nations, Vintage, 1985, pp. 99 100.

  298. Finch, Ibid., p. 84.

  299. Finch, Ibid., pp. 86-87.

  300. Finch, Ibid., p. 87.

  301. Finch, Ibid., p. 96.

  302. Finch, Ibid., pp. 97-98.

  303. Finch, Ibid. p. 101.

  304. Zia Mian and A.H. Nayyar, "A Time of Testing?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 1996, p. 36.

  305. Donna Bryson, "India's nuclear stand based on fear, loss of face", Globe & Mail, September 13, 1996.

  306. Paul Watson, "India's election winner vows atomic arsenal", Toronto Star, May 12, 1996, p. A1 & A12.

  307. Zia Mian and A.H. Nayyar, "A Time of Testing?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 1996, p. 38.

  308. CP, "Canada denies easing of ban", Globe & Mail, October 15, 1996, p. A4.

  309. COG CANDU Owners Group 1988 Annual Report, Chairman's Message.

  310. COG CANDU Owners Group 1989 Annual Report, p. 18.

  311. "India's CANDUs in bad condition", WISE News Communiqué, October 7, 1994, p. 5.

  312. "Retubing on the cards at Rajasthan", Nuclear Engineering International, July 1993, p. 8.

  313. Frank King, "Frank King - International Atomic Energy Agency", Nuclear Business Review, Ontario Hydro Nuclear, Vol. 2 No. 10, October 1994, p. 8.

  314. "Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 22.

  315. Canadian Press, "AECL, Indian officials meet secretly, CTV says", Globe & Mail, April 7, 1995.

  316. Ray Silver, "COG seeks government guidance on cooperation with India", Nucleonics Week, June 1, 1995, pp. 3 & 4.

  317. CANDU Owners Group 1994/1995 Annual Report, "Manager's Message", p. 1.

  318. Ibid.

  319. R.W. Morrison, "Canada's Reactor Exports", in Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, p. 263.

  320. Finch, Ibid., FN 48, p. 160.

  321. "An Overview of Federal Government Financial Involvement in the Canadian Nuclear Program", Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, Energy Mines & Resources, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, p. 312.

  322. COG CANDU Owners Group 1988 Annual Report, Chairman's Message.

  323. COG CANDU Owners Group 1989 Annual Report, p. 18.

  324. CANDU Owners Group 1989 Annual Report, p. 2.

  325. CANDU Owners Group 1990 Annual Report, p. 1.

  326. "PAEC asks government for funds to extend life of KANUPP HWR", Nucleonics Week, March 12, 1996, pp. 6-7.

  327. "KANUPP seeking safety upgrades from Canadian vendors, utilities", Nucleonics Week, April 30, 1992, pp. 2-3.

  328. Ibid.

  329. "Canada to aid some KANUPP upgrades but only to ensure plant safety", Nucleonics Week, February 25, 1996, pp. 17-18.

  330. Atomic Energy Control Board, Significant Development Report 1993 3, March 16, 1993, p. 6.

  331. "Datafile: Pakistan", Nuclear Engineering International, May 1991, p. 53.

  332. Ray Silver et al., "Rigid garter springs may have saved KANUPP from tube fracture", Nucleonics Week, January 13, 1994, p. 6.

  333. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, p. 8.

  334. CANDU Owners Group 1994/1995 Annual Report, "Manager's Message", p. 1.

  335. Ron Finch, Exporting Danger, Black Rose Books, Montréal, 1986, p. 48.

  336. Thijs de la Court, et al., The Nuclear Fix, World Information Service on Energy, 1982, p. 131.

  337. Ann Auman, "Lack of ties with Taiwan blocks Candu sale", Toronto Star, January 18, 1984, p. B1.

  338. Stephen Engelberg, "Taipei halts work on secret plant to make nuclear bomb ingredient", New York Times, March 23, 1988, p. 3.

  339. Finch, Ibid., p. 185.

  340. Communication from Sara Larrain, Red Nacional de Accion Ecologica (RENACE), January 5, 1995.

  341. IPS, "Government Considers Canadian Nuclear Plant", San Jose, Chile-Energy, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS), January 3, 1995.

  342. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 1988-1989 Annual Report, p. 12.

  343. AECL Annual Review 1993-1993, p. 15.

  344. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, P. 7.

  345. Finch, Ibid., p. 184.

  346. Finch, Ibid., p. 184.

  347. Finch, Ibid., p. 186.

  348. "AECL takes a step toward sale of nuclear reactor", Globe & Mail, January 16, 1988, p. B6.

  349. CP, "Nuclear firms eye Candu sale to Hungary", Toronto Star, September 27, 1989, p. F3.

  350. AECL Annual Report 1990-1991, p. 12.

  351. CIDA, Canada helps Hungary dispose of nuclear waste, CIDA Web site, May 24, 1996.

  352. Ibid.

  353. Finch, Ibid., p. 186.

  354. Finch, Ibid., p. 187.

  355. Finch, Ibid., p. 185.

    Gentilly-1 was a prototype CANDU-BLW, moderated with heavy water and cooled with boiling light water. The $87 million, 250 MW Gentilly-1 started up in 1971, but because of various technical problems, never operated for more than a few weeks at a time.

    The plant was shut down from 1973-1976, and after 1978. Decommissioning began officially in 1982.

  356. John Honderich, "Clark touts Candu", Toronto Star, June 26, 1979.

  357. John Honderich, "Japan rejection not death blow we've other prospects: AECL", Toronto Star, August 11, 1979.

  358. "Joe Clark's pitch fails Japan rejects CANDU", Toronto Star, October 8, 1979.

  359. Ibid.

  360. "Canada's Reactor Exports", Ibid., p. 267.

  361. Michael McDowell "Candu has 'slim' hope in Japan", Globe & Mail, January 22, 1983.

  362. Finch, Ibid., p. 185.

  363. Finch, Ibid., p. 69.

  364. Ana Puga, "Mexico's nuclear reactor to start up", Toronto Star, October 17, 1988, p. A22.

  365. William Chislett (Financial Times of London), "Bidding is keen to supply Mexico's huge nuclear needs", Globe & Mail, December 14, 1981, p. B12.

  366. Finch, Ibid., p. 69.

  367. Diane Francis, "CANDU can't sell", Toronto Star, June 19, 1983, p. H1.

  368. Jennifer Lewington, "Candu financing plan set for Mexican bid", Globe & Mail, January 12, 1982.

  369. Brian Milner, "AECL eyes revived Mexican nuclear plans", Globe & Mail, August 7, 1984.

  370. David Vienneau, "Trudeau makes Candu nuclear reactor pitch in Mexico", Toronto Star, January 13, 1982, p. A3.

    As personal adviser to Prime Minister Chrétien, MacLaren is still in a position to promote CANDU sales and influence the Export Development Corporation.

  371. Financial Times of London, "Mexico may defer nuclear plan", Globe & Mail, April 7, 1982.

  372. Bruce Ward, "Mexico's 'No' cripples ailing Candu firms", Toronto Star, June 12, 1982.

  373. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Annual Report 1986-87, p. 6.

  374. Letter from Friends of the Earth-Canada, November 4, 1989.

  375. AECL 1991-1992 Annual Review, p. 17.

  376. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, P. 7.

  377. Bob Hepburn, "Philippines pact may open door to uranium sales", Toronto Star, January 16, 1982.

    Marcos had signed a deal in 1976 to buy a 600 MW light water reactor from Westinghouse. Following the restoration of democracy under Aquino, the plant was cancelled.

  378. Marck Lukasiewicz, "Problems shadow Philippine trade prospects", Globe & Mail, January 15, 1983

  379. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, p. 7.

  380. AECL 1991-1992 Annual Review, p. 17.

  381. AECL Annual Review, 1992-1993, p. 11.

  382. CP, "Canada offers to aid Russian nuclear safety", Toronto Star, May 30, 1992, p. A14.

  383. Dave Todd, "Canada aims to help Russia develop safer nuclear power", Toronto Star, July 3, 1992, p. A8.

  384. Ray Silver, "AECL-Russians meeting to discuss potential for CANDU sales in east", Nucleonics Week, October 19, 1995, p. 4.

  385. AECL Annual Review 1992-1993, pp. 11-12.

  386. Mark Hibbs, "Minatom to begin negotiations for CANDU on far east site", Nucleonics Week, December 7, 1995, p. 11.

  387. "Russian Far East CANDU in the works", Hydroscope, November 2, 1995, p. 3.

  388. AECL Annual Report 1993-1994, p. 7.

  389. "Thailand invites bids for research reactor", December 1995, Nuclear Engineering International, p. 12.

  390. Letter from Dr. Agnes Bishop, President, AECB, to David Martin, Nuclear Awareness Project, April 10, 1996.

  391. Letter from JoAnne Cohen Sulzenko, VP, AECL, to David Martin, April 29, 1996.

  392. "Axworthy to visit Thailand, Hong Kong and Indonesia", The Week in Trade and Foreign Policy, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, July 8-14, 1996, p. 1.

  393. Finch, Ibid., P. 183.

  394. "Canada's Reactor Exports", Nuclear Policy Review Background Papers, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Report No. ER81-2E, 1981, pp. 266-267.

  395. "CANDU in the USA?", Canadian Nuclear Society Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 2, Summer 1993, p. 3.

  396. Ray Silver & David Stellfox, "AECL calls off Candu-3 review: NRC Cost apparent consideration", Nucleonics Week, March 9, 1995, p. 1.

  397. AECL has tried desperately to sell a CANDU-3 in either New Brunswick or Saskatchewan. So far, nobody is buying it.

  398. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Annual Report 1986-87, p. 6.

  399. Reuters, "Canada among world bidders on Yugoslavian nuclear contract", Toronto Star, July 3, 1986.

  400. Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons, 1975-1976, pp. 150-151.

    The Auditor noted

    • that AECL was carrying its prototype reactors on its books at an inflated value;

    • that it was failing to accrue interest on loans from the government of Canada; and

    • that it had failed to account for an anticipated loss of $100 million in the CANDU sale to Argentina.

  401. Safe Energy Communication Council, International Nuclear Power, Myth Busters # 10, Spring 1996.

  402. International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Yearbook 1995, p. C6.

[ . . . MORE (Footnotes) . . . ]

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